Magnetic Interactions and the Lande' g-Factor


A magnetic moment experiences a torque in a magnetic field B. The energy of the interaction can be expressed as

.

Both the orbital and spin angular momenta contribute to the magnetic moment of an atomic electron.

.
where g is the spin g-factor and has a value of about 2, implying that the spin angular momentum is twice as effective in producing a magnetic moment.

The interaction energy of an atomic electron can then be written

.

which when evaluated in terms of the relevant quantum numbers takes the form

.

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Zeeman interaction Anomalous Zeeman effect
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Evaluating the Lande' g-Factor

The Lande' g-factor is a geometric factor which arises in the evaluation of the magnetic interaction which gives the Zeeman effect. The magnetic interaction energy


which is continuous in the classical case takes on the quantum form


which is like a vector operation based on the vector model of angular momentum


The problem with evaluating this scalar product is that L and S continually change in direction as shown in the vector model. The strategy for dealing with this problem is to use the direction of the total angular momentum J as a coordinate axis and obtain the projection of each of the vectors in that direction. This is done by taking the scalar product of each vector with a unit vector in the J direction.


These vector relationships must be evaluated and expressed in terms of quantum numbers in order to evaluate the energy shifts. Carrying out the scalar products above leads to


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Lande' g-Factor Evaluation

In the evaluation of the Lande' g-factor by the vector model, the expression


must be simplified. Evaluating the remaining scalar product requires the vector model for total angular momentum.


The law of cosines can be employed for evaluation of the scalar product.


Expressing this in terms of the external angle gives


Rearranging gives the scalar product term needed



Substitution into the energy expression gives


which can be reduced to


where


Discussion of magnetic interaction Anomalous Zeeman effect
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